Future of Criminology - 1590 Words

The future of Criminology etc. Criminology is, as John Lea (1998) points out, not so much a discipline as a field, its distinctiveness is not its knowledge base but the form of its focus: theories of crime, criminal law and the relation between the two - in this it is a sub-category of the sociology of deviance. It can, and never should be, conceived of as a separate discipline, its categories and processes are social constructs, they have no separate ontological reality. It cannot, therefore, exist separately from social theory as its concerns are inevitably with the nature of social order and disorder. Not only have all of the major social theorists concerned themselves with order, disorder and regulation, but there has been across†¦show more content†¦Described as a rendezvous discipline (Rock and Holdaway 1997), criminology has been endlessly criss crossed by a vast range of often ambiguous, confusing and contradictory theories aimed at explaining the individual, group, structural and now post-structu ral antecedents of crime. Some have even questioned whether criminology actually constitutes a discipline, or whether the study of crime in itself is enough to justify a declaration of independence from, say, sociology (see for instance, Hirst [1975] or Cohen [1988]). Even among those who describe themselves as ‘critical criminologists’ there exists considerable variation in theoretical outlook and prescriptions on how the study of crime and crime control should proceed (Swaaningen 1997). Feminist criminologists rightly balk at the failure of some critical criminologists (and criminology generally) to embrace a gendered perspective (Naffine 1997), while others have bemoaned the lack of attention to ‘power’ and the ‘state’ (Cunneen and White 1996) and the excessive amount of attention given to official definitions of ‘crime’ (Muncie 1998). Stan Cohen amp;emdash; one of the most erudite, levelheaded and perceptive commentators to emerge from the social reaction school of the early 1970s amp;emdash; summed up his reflections on critical criminology (circa 1973) as follows: 1. Faulty analysis: It was wrong to gloss over the significance ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Criminology And The Future Of Criminology1583 Words   |  7 Pagesintegration important for the future of criminology due to the flourishment of crimes in society. Researchers have begun to study crime and the punishments associated with specific crimes that do not include trust crimes such as fraud, workplace theft or income tax invasion. However, they are studying an array of criminal behaviors that involve illicit and illegal behaviors in an effort to establish how important integrated theory will affect the future of criminology. First, integrated theory mustRead MoreThe Future Of Criminology2252 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ The Future of Criminology Tracy Doubledee CJS/231 May 25, 2015 Chris Hammond The Future of Criminology Over the past several years criminology has made leaps, bounds, and advances to enhance capturing criminals. Due to the increasing technology at the fingertips of criminals and terrorists law enforcement has been forced to step of their resources and intelligence. The government is constantly faced with new methods people have created to commit crime. Technology is infiltrating every aspectRead MoreCriminology : Criminology s The Future1959 Words   |  8 Pages Criminology in The Future By Adrian Gallardo CJS 231 Professor Christopher Bough January 18, 2016 Criminology in the Future Introduction Crime in the early ages was fought by very little resources because the technology was not as advance as it is now. In the early years police officer did not even have vehicles they had foot patrol then they moved on to motorcycles then to vehicles known as radio vehicles. Our criminal justice system is not stopping here theyRead MoreEssay on Criminology in the Future3348 Words   |  14 PagesCRIMINOLOGY IN THE FUTURE 1 Criminology in the Future As the world changes, people change, new technology advances, and so does crime. Criminals look for new ways to commit crime and the â€Å"loop holes† in the laws. The justice system needs to stay on top of these new technologies to protect the people. With the advancement of technology, law officials have to follow the rules of law. Law Enforcement must keep these â€Å"liberties† in mind when fighting cybercrime. The Bill of Rights guaranteesRead More The American Society Of Criminology Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Society Of Criminology â€Å"AHHHHhhhhh!† I let out a girlish scream and squirmed as shivers went strait up my spine. I was glued to the latest episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, a show that I have watched religiously since its debut. Criminology is something that has always fascinated me, and is a career that I hope to pursue in the future as an FBI agent. I frequently surf the web looking for short stories to read about different criminal cases and to find informationRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Theory Integration1050 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent theories is that decreases repetition where two theories are relaying the same message with different opinions. Another advantage is that integration brings consistency to theories Future of Theory Integration Theory integration requires goals in order to make an impact on the future of criminology. According to Muftic (2009), the first goal of integration is theory reduction. Reducing the number of theories that basically explain the same behavior reduces the competition amongst researchersRead MoreDiscuss the Nature, Scope and Objectives of the Study of Criminology.1359 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the nature, scope and objectives of the study of Criminology. Crime has always accompanied mankind. The oldest order available to us today, like provided in the cave paintings in France and the old books as the Bible show that this was not a stranger to us hundreds or even thousands of years ago. We can even with these materials to draw a conclusion that the development of civilization has contributed to its creation. The formation of increasingly larger clusters of human foster the developmentRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology996 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries scientists and researchers have been trying to figure out what makes people commit crimes and what they can do to deter them from committing future crimes. In the 1800’s and the early 1900’s crimes and the severity of crimes increased. Punishment in this day and time was considered to be cruel and excessive; to make you feel pain for the crime you committed was the ultimate point (Freilich, 2015). If you committed a crime you could be beaten, hanged, tortured or if you stole somethingRead MoreA Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology1314 Words   |  6 PagesJustice and Criminology Javier Landa-Miranda Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 What is Criminal Justice and what is Criminology? They are the same? Those are the questions that people ask their selves when they talk about those fields. There might be many controversies about the differences and similarities about Criminal Justice and Criminology. People must think that these two fields are totally different or just the same thing. The reality is that Criminal Justice and Criminology are twoRead MoreAfrican American Criminal Justice Graduates in the Real World715 Words   |  3 Pagesfield. In addition, future criminal justice graduates will have a sense of where their career path will lead to. Experts also examine if having a criminal justice degree is necessary for individuals to become police officers, correctional officers, or probation and parole officers. This research was published by the International journal of Criminal Justice Sciences in December of 2013. The authors thesis is that the individual perceptions of criminal justice and criminology major s are important

The Sharing Wisdom With African American Gentlemen

In today’s society some people opprobrious African Americans especially, African American males. Black men are defined as a threat to society and by the negative images conveyed in media today. Black children, particularly black males, are being raised in a world where there is a high probability of not graduating, being unemployed, arrested, or dead. We can minimize this epidemic by enhancing the lives of today’s youth. In society parents and guardians are usually responsible for accentuating the importance of values, morals, and ethics to our black children. However, children will deeply discern these ideologies if they are clearly perpetrated throughout the community. There are many community organizations using the Structural†¦show more content†¦The mission of the Sharing Wisdom with African American Gentlemen program is to extend resources and information specifically geared to uplift, educate, and empower African American males. Most importantly, we want to share the experiences of those who have prospered through difficulties to reach their success. If African American males are able to see a role model, especially someone they can relate to, they too, are more likely to long for success. The only time some African Americans hear about African American history is inside school, and usually the African American race are not the ones being adulated. Learning about African American history is important because a lot of the issues we faced in the past are repeating. In the past, black people could not drink from the same fountain, use the same bathroom, or sit in the same seats. For many years, black people were not worthy of the lifestyle that was offered to others. They were considered less than human and so they were involved in intense labor and experienced sexual racism. Some people use the Pathological Approach to explain these hardships and how these issues could have contributed to instability and disruption in African American families. The SWAAG program will educate our males about the past. We will enhance their knowledge by teaching them quotes written and said by African Americans, titles of books written by African Americans, and the biographies of

Perdue Essay Example For Students

Perdue Essay Analysis of company history development growthArthur W. Perdues quest for excellence in the poultry business began in 1917. Perdue started his company as a table-egg poultry farm. He slowly expanded his egg market by adding a new chicken coop every year. Arthurs son Frank joined the family business in 1939 after leaving school at the end of his the second year. In 1950 Frank took over leadership of Perdue Farms, which had over 40 employees at the time. During the 1970s Perdue entered into new markets in Boston and Philadelphia and also opened a new processing plant in North Carolina. Shortly after this, in 1977 Arthur Perdue died, leaving behind a business whos annual growth rate was 17 percent compared to the industry average of 1 percent. Arthurs son Frank was left behind to take over the business. Frank Perdue without a hint of self-deprecation stated that I am a B-minus student. I know how smart I am. I know a B-minus is not as good as an A-said of his father simply, I learned everything from him (Hill Jones, 208). During the 1980s and 1990s Perdue Farms diversified and expanded its market further down to other eastern coast states and southern states. By 1994, revenues were around 1.5 Billion a year. To add to this number Perdue purchased the twelfth largest poultry producer in the United States with about 8,000 employees and revenues of approximately $550,000 a year. Internal analysis of strengths and weaknesses Maintain an environmentally friendly workplace Represent the total quality management slogan Largest poultry producer in the northeast Second largest producer in the United States Involved in every aspect of the businessExternal analysis of opportunities and threats Produce roasted Chicken and Chicken partsRisk of entry by potential competitorsThe risk of entry from potential competitors is low, due to the barriers of entry. The barriers of entry are high, traceable to the cost of starting the business and what it costs to remain successful. Perdue also has a cost advantage over potential new entrants that is credited to superior production operations. Perdue has control of their inputs required for production, such as labor, materials, equipment, or management skills. Between the existing companies rivalry is strong. There is no significant price competition because of the over capacity in the broiler industry. Buyers (consumers) have a great deal of bargaining power because the buyer has a variety of brands to choose from and a lot of options to choose from such as precook, fresh, roasted and boneless. Perdue Farms supplies all of its own inputs, and they have established relationships with the distribution retailers. The substitute products for the broiler industry are pork, beef, and seafood. These items hold a real threat to the broiler industry. Perdue is in a very good competitive position. It has gained recognition for becoming one of the top broiler companies in the nation. One strength of Pedrue it that they own their own trucking fleet which they can distribute their own product. A main strength of Perdue Farms is that they refuse to let their product be shipped frozen. Perdue says that if the poultry is shipped frozen, it will loose flavor and moistness when cooked. This strength can result into brand loyalty, because when customers see the name Perdue, they know that the product is fresh not frozen. Another strength is that Perdue leads the industry in quality. To ensure that Perdue continues to lead the industry in quality, it buys about 2,000 pounds of competitors products a week. Inspection associates grade these products and the information is shared with the highest levels of management (Hill Jones, 1998). Perdues company policy is taught to all associates in quality training. .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .postImageUrl , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:hover , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:visited , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:active { border:0!important; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:active , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen Suicide EssayPerdue has one weakness at this time. Perdue has rode down the experience curve and changed all of its other weaknesses into positives. For example, In the 1980s Perdue decentralized and formed separate business divisions. Soon after this was done, chicken sales leveled off. At on point the firm was losing as much as $1 million a week and, in 1988, Perdue Farms experienced its first year in the red (Hill Jones, 1998). Perdue learned from this and quickly changed back to centralized. Currently, Perdue has the opportunity to

Income Tax Law

Question: Discuss about the Income Tax Law. Answer: Backpacker tax: Backpackers who come to visit Australia to work during holidays will be charged by 15% tax inspite of warning given by the farmers of Australia as it will cause adversity because, the newly applicable tax will dishearten travellers from engaging in jobs like seasonal fruit-picker. Initially, the prime minister, Malcom Turnbull proposed the said tax at a higher rate of 32.5%. However, due to failure of securing support from the crossbench and lowered the rate to 19%. The newly applied tax rate will affect approximately 200,000 backpackers, aged between 18 years and 30 years who come from different corner of the world in working visas of 12 months. Arguments for and against Backpacker tax: Advantages: With the handing down of budget for the year 2016-17, and the federal campaign for election in full fledge, that was the best time to evaluate the tax impact on Australian politics. The goal behind imposing the Backpacker tax was to collect the money from the the travellers who come to Australia for doing job during holidays. At the same time the policy maker did not wanted that the new tax policy should cause a burden for the working holiday makers or should not stop them from coming to the country (Brickenstein 2015). Their objective was to increase the taxes for Departing Australia Superannuation Payment (DASP), from 35 percent to 60 percent and even to 100 percent, if possible. This will also have a significant impact on Australias future employment market. Temporary workers who works availing visa habitually end up in unstable long-lasting working situation. After granting the permanent status only they reported about the insecure working conditions (Dabner 2016). The reduced tax rate from 32.5% to 19% will go long way in attracting the seasonal workforce that is required to balance with the high level of demand for labours. Working holidaymakers play an important role in tourism and agricultural sector of Australia. 19% tax rate will assist in maintaining Australias position as a competitive target for working holiday makers and at the same time ensuring that they will contribute at their fair tax level (Dwyer et al. 2014). Disadvantages: Despite of reducing the rate of backpacker tax from 32.5% to 19%, it has various disadvantages on the holiday workers. Superannuation of these workers will be taxed at 95% now at the time of leaving Australia. Though the cost of visa for working holiday will drop by $50, it will still be higher as compared to other countries (Li and Whitworth 2016). Visa for working holiday was initially set up as a symbol for cultural exchange and it used to allow young visitors from all over the world to work for a period of six months or 1 year, if they prefer to work in rural and regional part of Australia. However, higher cost of visa will cause as a burden to the working holidaymaker group and will refrained them from coming to Australia for work purpose (Li 2015). The backpacker tax will have greatest impact on the farmers of Australia and the tax office of Australia could not provide considerable information regarding the forthcoming situation and simply directed the people to visit their website. Another argument was between the Australian government and the political parties, which caused the delay of six month for payment of tax (McCluskey 2016). Other key issues were as follows: Instead of eliminating the tax, just postponing it left the farmers with uncertainties regarding how long to grow their crops and what should be expected for the future season (Toth and Burns 2016). It will not be easy to decide about the payment of the labours During the busy season, farmers will face shortage of labours Income earned from rural Australia will definitely not spent in Australia and therefore affect infrastructure. Postponing the tax payment will not solve the issue It will influence an economy of black market here illegal contractors will exploit and underpay the labours, which in turn will abstain the labours to come in Australia for the purpose of job (Wong 2014). Whether the Backpacker tax exhibit the features of a good tax system: Individuals who will be faced great consequence of the proposed change will be the contributors of working holiday maker program. This program permits the young age group between 18 years and 30 years from the partner nations for working in Australia during the holiday period. The only purpose of their visit must not be work but also the exchange program of culture as well that will enable the young workers to avail a comprehensive holiday and make money through short-term job. At present, if someone wishes to work as holiday worker, he has to collect tax file number from Australia. These numbers are only available for non-residents forming the working visas in required form. Types of working visas are: Entertainment visa (subclass 420) Working holiday maker visa (subclass 462) Work and holiday makers visa (subclass 462) Sport visa (subclass 421) However, with the new tax implications it is not visible that whether the proposed tax will enlarge to all kinds of visa holder. Consequence of tax after the proposed change: The new tax proposal will alter the rate of personal income tax applied to the non-residents. The difference in rate of personal income tax for non-residents and residents can be shown through the following table: Table 1: Resident and non-resident tax rates (Source: ATO) Impact on superannuation payments: Proposed change in the tax rate will not only have impact on working holiday makers as higher rate of tax as compared to the residents, but also it will have the impact on temporary residents who are departing from Australia on permanent basis and want to withdraw the accumulated balance from superannuation (Australian Public Service Commission 2013). The rate of tax on their superannuation ranges between 38% to 47% whereas the tax rate for the residents taking out balance from superannuation before reaching the prevention age is 20%. Other visible effects: Some other expected problems due to the proposed changes are as follows: The new policy may significantly increase the chances of tax evasion Number of makers for working holiday may decrease significantly if the workers realise that they will be able to avail less economic benefit out of Australian work such as casual hospitality, cleaning and picking fruit. Proposed policy could lead to hurting the companies of Australia that will find tough to fill up the vacancies without the availability of visiting and cheap workforce Tourism industry is worried as the backpackers who work mainly in the regional areas and likely to spend more, will not prefer to visit Australia and rather they will visit to Canada, New Zealand or South Africa. From the above discussions, it is concluded that does not meet the characteristics of a good tax system as it will have a bad impact on working holiday makers as well as the farmers of Australia. Characteristics of forming a good tax system are to plan with consideration with all the taxpayers. As it has so many limitations, it does not meet the criteria of a good tax system. Reason behind the adoption of changes by Liberal/National coalition government: The decision of removing the backpackers entry to for tax-free doorstep was declared by the Liberal-National government in the budget of May, 2015 as a measure of revenue. At present the backpackers are able to have access $18,200 tax-free limit, lower rate of tax at 19% and offset of low-income tax for the limit up to $37,000. Due to the proposed change, the makers of working holiday will be charged at a high rate of 32.5% and be taxed as non-residents which in turn will enable the Australian government to earn more revenue from tax (Sharkey 2015). Australian government made the statement to the public that the proposed change will give the best possible outcome for their country as well as their community. The other reasons behind the proposed changes are as follows: Lower tax rate will enable the backpackers to spend more while travelling as with high rate of tax they return in empty pockets because they spend whatever they earn Access to the limit of tax-free zone for the backpackers means ATO will not waste their time for administering low payments. In various instances, they have to spend more as compared to the raised revenue. In consideration to clear the confusion about the arrangement of tax for the makers of working holiday, the Liberal/National coalition government believed that the various rates of tax for the non-residents should be amended and should be revoked. This is with consideration to the principle that all the labours should be able to have access to same working environment, despite of their status of residency (Richardson,Taylor and Lanis 2013). An efficient zero rate of tax offers Australia with competitive benefits through making the country more attractive for backpackers and supply an important source for seasonal worker in the agricultural industry Government wanted to minimise the misguided management of government results that was passionate about the penny-pinching measures of revenue. At the same time, they wanted to avail the opportunity of lasting and real structural reform, which in turn make the country more competitive and fair. Jai, a Malaysian citizen having appropriate visa for working in Australia and tax file number worked for 12 months in Australia as fruit picker under the working holiday maker and earned $17, 500 on that. However, while living Australia, he did not pay any tax on that amount as he considered himself as resident for staying 12 months in the country. However, he wants to come in Australia for another 12 months in 2017 under working holiday. If he earns $17,500 now, then the applicable tax on that amount as per the proposed tax rates for the period of 2017 will be as follows: He will no longer be treated as resident, even if he spends 12 months as the government declared in 2016 budget that holders of work and holiday visa will not be treated as Australian resident for the purpose of tax and they can not avail the tax-free thresh hold (Rice 2014). They will fall into the higher bracket of tax rate at 32.5% on each dollar they will earn. Jai will have to pay ($17,500 x 32.5%) = $5,687.50 as tax on the amount he will earn, that is, on $17,500. Reference: Australian Public Service Commission, 2013. Capability review: Australian Taxation Office.Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Brickenstein, C., 2015. Impact assessment of seasonal labor migration in Australia and New Zealand: A winwin situation?.Asian and Pacific Migration Journal,24(1), pp.107-129. Dabner, J.H., 2016. Federal Budget 2016-17 Tax Changes (Aka Tax White Paper).Available at SSRN. Dwyer, L., Pham, T., Forsyth, P. and Spurr, R., 2014. Destination Marketing of Australia Return on Investment.Journal of Travel Research,53(3), pp.281-295. Li, Y.T. and Whitworth, K., 2016. When the State Becomes Part of the Exploitation: Migrants Agency within the Institutional Constraints in Australia.International Migration. Li, Y.T., 2015. Constituting co-ethnic exploitation: The economic and cultural meanings of cash-in-hand jobs for ethnic Chinese migrants in Australia.Critical Sociology, p.0896920515606504. McCluskey, S., 2016. Tax in Agriculture. Rice, P., 2014. Universal management: a proposal to change the direction of accessibility management in the Australian tourism industry to create benefits for all Australians and visitors to Australia.Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal,2(2). Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R., 2013. Determinants of transfer pricing aggressiveness: Empirical evidence from Australian firms.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,9(2), pp.136-150. Sharkey, N., 2015. Coming to Australia: Cross border and Australian income tax complexities with a focus on dual residence and DTAs and those from China, Singapore and Hong Kong-Part 1.Brief,42(10), p.10. Toth, S. and Burns, A., 2016. Mid market focus: Company tax rates: Consider the total tax liability.Taxation in Australia,51(5), p.245. Wong, V., 2014. Building wealth: EOFY strategies to maximum benefit.Medicus,54(3), p.46.