Future of Criminology - 1590 Words

The future of Criminology etc. Criminology is, as John Lea (1998) points out, not so much a discipline as a field, its distinctiveness is not its knowledge base but the form of its focus: theories of crime, criminal law and the relation between the two - in this it is a sub-category of the sociology of deviance. It can, and never should be, conceived of as a separate discipline, its categories and processes are social constructs, they have no separate ontological reality. It cannot, therefore, exist separately from social theory as its concerns are inevitably with the nature of social order and disorder. Not only have all of the major social theorists concerned themselves with order, disorder and regulation, but there has been across†¦show more content†¦Described as a rendezvous discipline (Rock and Holdaway 1997), criminology has been endlessly criss crossed by a vast range of often ambiguous, confusing and contradictory theories aimed at explaining the individual, group, structural and now post-structu ral antecedents of crime. Some have even questioned whether criminology actually constitutes a discipline, or whether the study of crime in itself is enough to justify a declaration of independence from, say, sociology (see for instance, Hirst [1975] or Cohen [1988]). Even among those who describe themselves as ‘critical criminologists’ there exists considerable variation in theoretical outlook and prescriptions on how the study of crime and crime control should proceed (Swaaningen 1997). Feminist criminologists rightly balk at the failure of some critical criminologists (and criminology generally) to embrace a gendered perspective (Naffine 1997), while others have bemoaned the lack of attention to ‘power’ and the ‘state’ (Cunneen and White 1996) and the excessive amount of attention given to official definitions of ‘crime’ (Muncie 1998). Stan Cohen amp;emdash; one of the most erudite, levelheaded and perceptive commentators to emerge from the social reaction school of the early 1970s amp;emdash; summed up his reflections on critical criminology (circa 1973) as follows: 1. Faulty analysis: It was wrong to gloss over the significance ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Criminology And The Future Of Criminology1583 Words   |  7 Pagesintegration important for the future of criminology due to the flourishment of crimes in society. Researchers have begun to study crime and the punishments associated with specific crimes that do not include trust crimes such as fraud, workplace theft or income tax invasion. However, they are studying an array of criminal behaviors that involve illicit and illegal behaviors in an effort to establish how important integrated theory will affect the future of criminology. First, integrated theory mustRead MoreThe Future Of Criminology2252 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ The Future of Criminology Tracy Doubledee CJS/231 May 25, 2015 Chris Hammond The Future of Criminology Over the past several years criminology has made leaps, bounds, and advances to enhance capturing criminals. Due to the increasing technology at the fingertips of criminals and terrorists law enforcement has been forced to step of their resources and intelligence. The government is constantly faced with new methods people have created to commit crime. Technology is infiltrating every aspectRead MoreCriminology : Criminology s The Future1959 Words   |  8 Pages Criminology in The Future By Adrian Gallardo CJS 231 Professor Christopher Bough January 18, 2016 Criminology in the Future Introduction Crime in the early ages was fought by very little resources because the technology was not as advance as it is now. In the early years police officer did not even have vehicles they had foot patrol then they moved on to motorcycles then to vehicles known as radio vehicles. Our criminal justice system is not stopping here theyRead MoreEssay on Criminology in the Future3348 Words   |  14 PagesCRIMINOLOGY IN THE FUTURE 1 Criminology in the Future As the world changes, people change, new technology advances, and so does crime. Criminals look for new ways to commit crime and the â€Å"loop holes† in the laws. The justice system needs to stay on top of these new technologies to protect the people. With the advancement of technology, law officials have to follow the rules of law. Law Enforcement must keep these â€Å"liberties† in mind when fighting cybercrime. The Bill of Rights guaranteesRead More The American Society Of Criminology Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Society Of Criminology â€Å"AHHHHhhhhh!† I let out a girlish scream and squirmed as shivers went strait up my spine. I was glued to the latest episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, a show that I have watched religiously since its debut. Criminology is something that has always fascinated me, and is a career that I hope to pursue in the future as an FBI agent. I frequently surf the web looking for short stories to read about different criminal cases and to find informationRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Theory Integration1050 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent theories is that decreases repetition where two theories are relaying the same message with different opinions. Another advantage is that integration brings consistency to theories Future of Theory Integration Theory integration requires goals in order to make an impact on the future of criminology. According to Muftic (2009), the first goal of integration is theory reduction. Reducing the number of theories that basically explain the same behavior reduces the competition amongst researchersRead MoreDiscuss the Nature, Scope and Objectives of the Study of Criminology.1359 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the nature, scope and objectives of the study of Criminology. Crime has always accompanied mankind. The oldest order available to us today, like provided in the cave paintings in France and the old books as the Bible show that this was not a stranger to us hundreds or even thousands of years ago. We can even with these materials to draw a conclusion that the development of civilization has contributed to its creation. The formation of increasingly larger clusters of human foster the developmentRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology996 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries scientists and researchers have been trying to figure out what makes people commit crimes and what they can do to deter them from committing future crimes. In the 1800’s and the early 1900’s crimes and the severity of crimes increased. Punishment in this day and time was considered to be cruel and excessive; to make you feel pain for the crime you committed was the ultimate point (Freilich, 2015). If you committed a crime you could be beaten, hanged, tortured or if you stole somethingRead MoreA Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology1314 Words   |  6 PagesJustice and Criminology Javier Landa-Miranda Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 What is Criminal Justice and what is Criminology? They are the same? Those are the questions that people ask their selves when they talk about those fields. There might be many controversies about the differences and similarities about Criminal Justice and Criminology. People must think that these two fields are totally different or just the same thing. The reality is that Criminal Justice and Criminology are twoRead MoreAfrican American Criminal Justice Graduates in the Real World715 Words   |  3 Pagesfield. In addition, future criminal justice graduates will have a sense of where their career path will lead to. Experts also examine if having a criminal justice degree is necessary for individuals to become police officers, correctional officers, or probation and parole officers. This research was published by the International journal of Criminal Justice Sciences in December of 2013. The authors thesis is that the individual perceptions of criminal justice and criminology major s are important

The Sharing Wisdom With African American Gentlemen

In today’s society some people opprobrious African Americans especially, African American males. Black men are defined as a threat to society and by the negative images conveyed in media today. Black children, particularly black males, are being raised in a world where there is a high probability of not graduating, being unemployed, arrested, or dead. We can minimize this epidemic by enhancing the lives of today’s youth. In society parents and guardians are usually responsible for accentuating the importance of values, morals, and ethics to our black children. However, children will deeply discern these ideologies if they are clearly perpetrated throughout the community. There are many community organizations using the Structural†¦show more content†¦The mission of the Sharing Wisdom with African American Gentlemen program is to extend resources and information specifically geared to uplift, educate, and empower African American males. Most importantly, we want to share the experiences of those who have prospered through difficulties to reach their success. If African American males are able to see a role model, especially someone they can relate to, they too, are more likely to long for success. The only time some African Americans hear about African American history is inside school, and usually the African American race are not the ones being adulated. Learning about African American history is important because a lot of the issues we faced in the past are repeating. In the past, black people could not drink from the same fountain, use the same bathroom, or sit in the same seats. For many years, black people were not worthy of the lifestyle that was offered to others. They were considered less than human and so they were involved in intense labor and experienced sexual racism. Some people use the Pathological Approach to explain these hardships and how these issues could have contributed to instability and disruption in African American families. The SWAAG program will educate our males about the past. We will enhance their knowledge by teaching them quotes written and said by African Americans, titles of books written by African Americans, and the biographies of

Perdue Essay Example For Students

Perdue Essay Analysis of company history development growthArthur W. Perdues quest for excellence in the poultry business began in 1917. Perdue started his company as a table-egg poultry farm. He slowly expanded his egg market by adding a new chicken coop every year. Arthurs son Frank joined the family business in 1939 after leaving school at the end of his the second year. In 1950 Frank took over leadership of Perdue Farms, which had over 40 employees at the time. During the 1970s Perdue entered into new markets in Boston and Philadelphia and also opened a new processing plant in North Carolina. Shortly after this, in 1977 Arthur Perdue died, leaving behind a business whos annual growth rate was 17 percent compared to the industry average of 1 percent. Arthurs son Frank was left behind to take over the business. Frank Perdue without a hint of self-deprecation stated that I am a B-minus student. I know how smart I am. I know a B-minus is not as good as an A-said of his father simply, I learned everything from him (Hill Jones, 208). During the 1980s and 1990s Perdue Farms diversified and expanded its market further down to other eastern coast states and southern states. By 1994, revenues were around 1.5 Billion a year. To add to this number Perdue purchased the twelfth largest poultry producer in the United States with about 8,000 employees and revenues of approximately $550,000 a year. Internal analysis of strengths and weaknesses Maintain an environmentally friendly workplace Represent the total quality management slogan Largest poultry producer in the northeast Second largest producer in the United States Involved in every aspect of the businessExternal analysis of opportunities and threats Produce roasted Chicken and Chicken partsRisk of entry by potential competitorsThe risk of entry from potential competitors is low, due to the barriers of entry. The barriers of entry are high, traceable to the cost of starting the business and what it costs to remain successful. Perdue also has a cost advantage over potential new entrants that is credited to superior production operations. Perdue has control of their inputs required for production, such as labor, materials, equipment, or management skills. Between the existing companies rivalry is strong. There is no significant price competition because of the over capacity in the broiler industry. Buyers (consumers) have a great deal of bargaining power because the buyer has a variety of brands to choose from and a lot of options to choose from such as precook, fresh, roasted and boneless. Perdue Farms supplies all of its own inputs, and they have established relationships with the distribution retailers. The substitute products for the broiler industry are pork, beef, and seafood. These items hold a real threat to the broiler industry. Perdue is in a very good competitive position. It has gained recognition for becoming one of the top broiler companies in the nation. One strength of Pedrue it that they own their own trucking fleet which they can distribute their own product. A main strength of Perdue Farms is that they refuse to let their product be shipped frozen. Perdue says that if the poultry is shipped frozen, it will loose flavor and moistness when cooked. This strength can result into brand loyalty, because when customers see the name Perdue, they know that the product is fresh not frozen. Another strength is that Perdue leads the industry in quality. To ensure that Perdue continues to lead the industry in quality, it buys about 2,000 pounds of competitors products a week. Inspection associates grade these products and the information is shared with the highest levels of management (Hill Jones, 1998). Perdues company policy is taught to all associates in quality training. .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .postImageUrl , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:hover , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:visited , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:active { border:0!important; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:active , .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953 .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9f397901539ccb172e336828d1b0953:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen Suicide EssayPerdue has one weakness at this time. Perdue has rode down the experience curve and changed all of its other weaknesses into positives. For example, In the 1980s Perdue decentralized and formed separate business divisions. Soon after this was done, chicken sales leveled off. At on point the firm was losing as much as $1 million a week and, in 1988, Perdue Farms experienced its first year in the red (Hill Jones, 1998). Perdue learned from this and quickly changed back to centralized. Currently, Perdue has the opportunity to

Income Tax Law

Question: Discuss about the Income Tax Law. Answer: Backpacker tax: Backpackers who come to visit Australia to work during holidays will be charged by 15% tax inspite of warning given by the farmers of Australia as it will cause adversity because, the newly applicable tax will dishearten travellers from engaging in jobs like seasonal fruit-picker. Initially, the prime minister, Malcom Turnbull proposed the said tax at a higher rate of 32.5%. However, due to failure of securing support from the crossbench and lowered the rate to 19%. The newly applied tax rate will affect approximately 200,000 backpackers, aged between 18 years and 30 years who come from different corner of the world in working visas of 12 months. Arguments for and against Backpacker tax: Advantages: With the handing down of budget for the year 2016-17, and the federal campaign for election in full fledge, that was the best time to evaluate the tax impact on Australian politics. The goal behind imposing the Backpacker tax was to collect the money from the the travellers who come to Australia for doing job during holidays. At the same time the policy maker did not wanted that the new tax policy should cause a burden for the working holiday makers or should not stop them from coming to the country (Brickenstein 2015). Their objective was to increase the taxes for Departing Australia Superannuation Payment (DASP), from 35 percent to 60 percent and even to 100 percent, if possible. This will also have a significant impact on Australias future employment market. Temporary workers who works availing visa habitually end up in unstable long-lasting working situation. After granting the permanent status only they reported about the insecure working conditions (Dabner 2016). The reduced tax rate from 32.5% to 19% will go long way in attracting the seasonal workforce that is required to balance with the high level of demand for labours. Working holidaymakers play an important role in tourism and agricultural sector of Australia. 19% tax rate will assist in maintaining Australias position as a competitive target for working holiday makers and at the same time ensuring that they will contribute at their fair tax level (Dwyer et al. 2014). Disadvantages: Despite of reducing the rate of backpacker tax from 32.5% to 19%, it has various disadvantages on the holiday workers. Superannuation of these workers will be taxed at 95% now at the time of leaving Australia. Though the cost of visa for working holiday will drop by $50, it will still be higher as compared to other countries (Li and Whitworth 2016). Visa for working holiday was initially set up as a symbol for cultural exchange and it used to allow young visitors from all over the world to work for a period of six months or 1 year, if they prefer to work in rural and regional part of Australia. However, higher cost of visa will cause as a burden to the working holidaymaker group and will refrained them from coming to Australia for work purpose (Li 2015). The backpacker tax will have greatest impact on the farmers of Australia and the tax office of Australia could not provide considerable information regarding the forthcoming situation and simply directed the people to visit their website. Another argument was between the Australian government and the political parties, which caused the delay of six month for payment of tax (McCluskey 2016). Other key issues were as follows: Instead of eliminating the tax, just postponing it left the farmers with uncertainties regarding how long to grow their crops and what should be expected for the future season (Toth and Burns 2016). It will not be easy to decide about the payment of the labours During the busy season, farmers will face shortage of labours Income earned from rural Australia will definitely not spent in Australia and therefore affect infrastructure. Postponing the tax payment will not solve the issue It will influence an economy of black market here illegal contractors will exploit and underpay the labours, which in turn will abstain the labours to come in Australia for the purpose of job (Wong 2014). Whether the Backpacker tax exhibit the features of a good tax system: Individuals who will be faced great consequence of the proposed change will be the contributors of working holiday maker program. This program permits the young age group between 18 years and 30 years from the partner nations for working in Australia during the holiday period. The only purpose of their visit must not be work but also the exchange program of culture as well that will enable the young workers to avail a comprehensive holiday and make money through short-term job. At present, if someone wishes to work as holiday worker, he has to collect tax file number from Australia. These numbers are only available for non-residents forming the working visas in required form. Types of working visas are: Entertainment visa (subclass 420) Working holiday maker visa (subclass 462) Work and holiday makers visa (subclass 462) Sport visa (subclass 421) However, with the new tax implications it is not visible that whether the proposed tax will enlarge to all kinds of visa holder. Consequence of tax after the proposed change: The new tax proposal will alter the rate of personal income tax applied to the non-residents. The difference in rate of personal income tax for non-residents and residents can be shown through the following table: Table 1: Resident and non-resident tax rates (Source: ATO) Impact on superannuation payments: Proposed change in the tax rate will not only have impact on working holiday makers as higher rate of tax as compared to the residents, but also it will have the impact on temporary residents who are departing from Australia on permanent basis and want to withdraw the accumulated balance from superannuation (Australian Public Service Commission 2013). The rate of tax on their superannuation ranges between 38% to 47% whereas the tax rate for the residents taking out balance from superannuation before reaching the prevention age is 20%. Other visible effects: Some other expected problems due to the proposed changes are as follows: The new policy may significantly increase the chances of tax evasion Number of makers for working holiday may decrease significantly if the workers realise that they will be able to avail less economic benefit out of Australian work such as casual hospitality, cleaning and picking fruit. Proposed policy could lead to hurting the companies of Australia that will find tough to fill up the vacancies without the availability of visiting and cheap workforce Tourism industry is worried as the backpackers who work mainly in the regional areas and likely to spend more, will not prefer to visit Australia and rather they will visit to Canada, New Zealand or South Africa. From the above discussions, it is concluded that does not meet the characteristics of a good tax system as it will have a bad impact on working holiday makers as well as the farmers of Australia. Characteristics of forming a good tax system are to plan with consideration with all the taxpayers. As it has so many limitations, it does not meet the criteria of a good tax system. Reason behind the adoption of changes by Liberal/National coalition government: The decision of removing the backpackers entry to for tax-free doorstep was declared by the Liberal-National government in the budget of May, 2015 as a measure of revenue. At present the backpackers are able to have access $18,200 tax-free limit, lower rate of tax at 19% and offset of low-income tax for the limit up to $37,000. Due to the proposed change, the makers of working holiday will be charged at a high rate of 32.5% and be taxed as non-residents which in turn will enable the Australian government to earn more revenue from tax (Sharkey 2015). Australian government made the statement to the public that the proposed change will give the best possible outcome for their country as well as their community. The other reasons behind the proposed changes are as follows: Lower tax rate will enable the backpackers to spend more while travelling as with high rate of tax they return in empty pockets because they spend whatever they earn Access to the limit of tax-free zone for the backpackers means ATO will not waste their time for administering low payments. In various instances, they have to spend more as compared to the raised revenue. In consideration to clear the confusion about the arrangement of tax for the makers of working holiday, the Liberal/National coalition government believed that the various rates of tax for the non-residents should be amended and should be revoked. This is with consideration to the principle that all the labours should be able to have access to same working environment, despite of their status of residency (Richardson,Taylor and Lanis 2013). An efficient zero rate of tax offers Australia with competitive benefits through making the country more attractive for backpackers and supply an important source for seasonal worker in the agricultural industry Government wanted to minimise the misguided management of government results that was passionate about the penny-pinching measures of revenue. At the same time, they wanted to avail the opportunity of lasting and real structural reform, which in turn make the country more competitive and fair. Jai, a Malaysian citizen having appropriate visa for working in Australia and tax file number worked for 12 months in Australia as fruit picker under the working holiday maker and earned $17, 500 on that. However, while living Australia, he did not pay any tax on that amount as he considered himself as resident for staying 12 months in the country. However, he wants to come in Australia for another 12 months in 2017 under working holiday. If he earns $17,500 now, then the applicable tax on that amount as per the proposed tax rates for the period of 2017 will be as follows: He will no longer be treated as resident, even if he spends 12 months as the government declared in 2016 budget that holders of work and holiday visa will not be treated as Australian resident for the purpose of tax and they can not avail the tax-free thresh hold (Rice 2014). They will fall into the higher bracket of tax rate at 32.5% on each dollar they will earn. Jai will have to pay ($17,500 x 32.5%) = $5,687.50 as tax on the amount he will earn, that is, on $17,500. Reference: Australian Public Service Commission, 2013. Capability review: Australian Taxation Office.Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Brickenstein, C., 2015. Impact assessment of seasonal labor migration in Australia and New Zealand: A winwin situation?.Asian and Pacific Migration Journal,24(1), pp.107-129. Dabner, J.H., 2016. Federal Budget 2016-17 Tax Changes (Aka Tax White Paper).Available at SSRN. Dwyer, L., Pham, T., Forsyth, P. and Spurr, R., 2014. Destination Marketing of Australia Return on Investment.Journal of Travel Research,53(3), pp.281-295. Li, Y.T. and Whitworth, K., 2016. When the State Becomes Part of the Exploitation: Migrants Agency within the Institutional Constraints in Australia.International Migration. Li, Y.T., 2015. Constituting co-ethnic exploitation: The economic and cultural meanings of cash-in-hand jobs for ethnic Chinese migrants in Australia.Critical Sociology, p.0896920515606504. McCluskey, S., 2016. Tax in Agriculture. Rice, P., 2014. Universal management: a proposal to change the direction of accessibility management in the Australian tourism industry to create benefits for all Australians and visitors to Australia.Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal,2(2). Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R., 2013. Determinants of transfer pricing aggressiveness: Empirical evidence from Australian firms.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,9(2), pp.136-150. Sharkey, N., 2015. Coming to Australia: Cross border and Australian income tax complexities with a focus on dual residence and DTAs and those from China, Singapore and Hong Kong-Part 1.Brief,42(10), p.10. Toth, S. and Burns, A., 2016. Mid market focus: Company tax rates: Consider the total tax liability.Taxation in Australia,51(5), p.245. Wong, V., 2014. Building wealth: EOFY strategies to maximum benefit.Medicus,54(3), p.46.

Bigger essays

Bigger essays Richard Wright is the author of the novel, Native Son. By writing the novel, he wanted to awaken America to the realities of the relationship between blacks and whites in the controversial 1930s. When he wrote this novel, it caused many disputes among Americans. Many people thought that some of the issues Wright included in his novel were not appropriate to write about. Richard Wright believed that even the bad parts of America should be seen, though. This story takes place in Chicago, Illinois in the late 1930s. The main character is Bigger Thomas. He is a twenty year old black man who lives in a one-room apartment with his mother, sister, and brother. The part of town they live in is infested with crime, and most of the buildings are dilapidated. Bigger believes that he could never get far in life because of his being an inferior black man in a white world. Bigger wants to help support his family, so he decides to apply for a job as a chauffeur. He is hired by a millionaire named Henry Dalton, who allows Bigger to live in his house. Mr. Dalton and his wife, who is blind, always try to help their employees succeed in life. Everything goes well for a while until one night when Mr. Daltons teenage daughter, Mary, gets drunk. Bigger carries Mary to her room after she falls down while climbing the stairs. While Bigger is in Marys room, Mrs. Dalton comes to check in on her. Although Mrs. Dalton wouldnt be able to see Bigger in Marys room, he is afraid that Mary might make a noise and Mrs. Dalton might think that he is raping her daughter. In his terror, Bigger covers Marys face with a pillow and accidentally When Bigger sees that he killed Mary, he freaks out, chops up her body with an ax, and hides it in the furnace downstairs. Although he acts out of fear and doesnt know what he is doing, Bigger still feels a ...

Childrens ESL Lesson Old MacDonald Had a Farm

Children's ESL Lesson Old MacDonald Had a Farm Level: Beginner (children)Focus: Vocabulary Note: This work was prepared to take advantage of all the potential of a song like â€Å"Old MacDonald Had a Farm† may offer to work with different kind of animals. The methodology used permits any teacher to adapt the matter according to their necessities. Grade Level: Young ChildrenSong: â€Å"Old Mac Donald Had a Farm†Lyric: Old MacDonald Had a Farm Traditional Old MacDonald had a farmEe-yi-ee-i-ohAnd on this farm there was a dogEe-yi-ee-i-ohWith a woof woof hereAnd a woof woof thereHere a woofThere a woofEverywhere a woof woofOld MacDonald had a farmEe-yi-ee-i-oh†¦. 2nd verse: cat/meow Optional from 3 to 6: 3rd verse: horse/neigh4th verse: duck/quack5th verse: cow /moo6th verse: pig/oink Objectives Make the students have fun making sounds.Children should have an active part in singing, making his or her animal sounds.The children will also learn to work with each other by presenting their piece in the song. Materials Needed to Teach the Lesson The songbook and tape of â€Å"Old Mac Donald Had a Farm.†The pictures of the animals of the song that contain the sound that each animal reproduces.Sheets of paper that children will use to match animals and the sound they make. They must have some pictures.Sheets of paper that contain the lyrics of â€Å"Old MacDonald Had A Farm† but the lyrics should have some blanks to be completed by each child. They should include some pictures. Teaching Procedure I. Preparing the Class: Choose animals the children know or pre-teach the animals for the song – ducks, pigs, horses, sheep etc.Make pictures of each animal for all children in the class. These pictures should have written the sound that the animals produce.Prepare sheets of paper to match animals and their sounds II. Introduction to the Lesson: Create a classroom mural titled What We Know About Farms.†Set up a farm display area to generate interest in the new classroom theme (might include straw hats, overalls, farm toys and of course animals).Hand out the pictures of each animal to all children in the class. Check that they know the English word for their animals.Make the children think about their favorite animal that lives on a farm.Make the student listen to the recording of â€Å"Old MacDonald Had A Farm†, and think about what animal from the song they want to be. (Then, they will be asked to participate according to the choice they made). III. Step by step Procedures for Teaching the Focus Concepts: Listen to the recording of the song line by line; Old MacDonald Had a Farm and ask children to join you according to the animal they have selected. If it is necessary, stop the song line by line until they get the idea.Sing the song together with the accompaniment provided on tape. Remember children may learn very easily by using echoic memory.Promote mimics, gestures, etc. associated with  the meaning to make children play a participative role freely. Remember children have energy and want to make noise. Songs will channel these natural inclinations positively. IV. Closure and Review of the Lesson: Divide up the children into their animal groups to sing Old MacDonald Had A Farm song without the accompaniment of the tape. Assessing Understanding of the Concept Taught Make the children sing in a cappella with their farm animal group. In this way, you will listen more closely to discover if the children are pronouncing correctly the most important words of the song such as the name of the animals and the sounds they produce.Hand out the sheets of paper that have the lyrics with some blanks.Finally, as an option, children may use a paper to match animal sounds to the correct farm animals at class or home. This lesson has kindly been provided by Ronald Osorio.

Law of contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Law of contract - Essay Example A contract ensures that each party sticks to his responsibilities, and delivers them as, and per the agreed terms, for the success of that business. In case of a breach of contract, one will have to be compensated through the various remedies that will be stated. This paper will cover various aspects of the law of contract. It will start by offering an appropriate advice to Anila, who owns a fleet of freight aircraft, and Yogesh, an aircraft customer, before proceeding to discuss the issue of frustration in contract law. Issue 1: Case Description, in line with Contract Law Anila is a business person, who owns a small freight of aircraft. Anila enters into a contract with Yogesh, but fails to deliver, which results into a breach of contract. Anila was supposed to provide Yogesh with aircrafts for 3 years. However, for the first few months, the aircrafts get grounded by several mechanical problems. The contract is breached, and Yogesh responds by terminating it. Yogesh gets into a cont ract with another company, which provides them with the services that they wanted. The market expands rapidly, and their customers increase over time. However, towards the end of the year, some aircrafts also get grounded, and Yogesh has no alternative but to go back to Anila. Anila gives Yogesh an offer of $ 40000, but Yogesh declines to the offer. Advice According in Line with the Law of Contract In advising Anila and Yogesh, I would first of all ensure that they understand what they had entered into. I would help them to understand they had entered into a contract, and that a contract has some elements that must be upheld for it to remain valid. In a contract, each party must ensure that they stick to their responsibilities as stated in the contract. Each of them should be concerned about the needs of the other party, since it is a mutual thing. They should ensure that all the elements of their contract are upheld, since a breach of contract may lead to a problem on both sides. I would start by defining to them a contract before taking them into the elements of a contract, so that next time they enter into such an agreement, they will be fully aware of whatever they are doing, and will avoid a repeat of such problems again. Contract Definition in relation to the Case of Anila and Yogesh A contract is a formal type of agreement that involves two or more people, who have an interest or relationship to the subject at hand3. Contracts cover many matters, in various fields, like sale of goods, lease of goods, real property, or employment terms4. The agreement between Anila and Yogesh was a lease agreement, since Anila was leasing freight aircrafts to Yogesh. All valid contracts have terms and conditions which make them valid5. These are the elements of a valid contract. They are as follows: Mutual Consent This is where the parties to a contract come up with an agreement of what the contract involves, and both of them agree to one thing6. For example, in a contra ct of sale, if the buyer thinks that he will sell a house, while the buyer expects to get a donkey, then the contract is unenforceable. Anila knew that she would lease her aircrafts to Yogesh, and Yogesh expected good aircrafts to be delivered that was a mutual consent between them. In that case, all of them

Edgewires Automated Phone System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Edgewires Automated Phone System - Case Study Example They serve a niche market of vacationers who desire adventure in their holidays. Thus, call centre operators became immersed in and learned how to provide adventure seekers satisfying holiday experiences. Not only are such holidays off the beaten path but they typically require special equipment. Edgewire's operators coordinate with suppliers to fulfil all their customers' needs. Satisfaction of thrill-seeking customers is obviously healthy or else Edgewire couldn't have grown into a robust business if its operators delivered inferior adventures. Today's situation is that goals #1 and #2 have evolved into apparent conflict. In the interest of long-term stability, Edgewire's management firmly believe they must install an automated phone answering system. Doing so means replacing call centre operators. Management has calculated the savings by cutting back on labour costs. However, this goal of presumed long-term stability comes at the cost of jobs; yet providing jobs was a goal of the EU regeneration grant. Quite naturally the call centre operators are distressed and disagree. This Social Impact Statement (SIS) examines the issue in-depth. The goal is to find options that perhaps can be smartly used to satisfy all parties that are affected by Edgewire's conversion to an automated phone answering system. ... This SIS comes somewhat late. Edgewire management's decision is almost fait accompli. They are reluctant to discuss the inherent conflict-of-interest or negotiate the core issues. They stalled before acquiescing to the independent evaluation requested by the call centre operators' Trade Union. 1.1 The New System and Its High-Level Benefit - Reduce Costs 2,310,000 Yearly In addition to cost savings, two features of the proposed automated phone answering system are quite attractive. It will be a "decision support system" (DSS) as well as a "knowledge based system" (KBS). DSS tells call centre personnel specific decision information each customer already made about an adventure holiday and left on the automated phone system. KBS is a standardisation of holiday packages for customers who don't need special customising. Management believes these new ways to do business streamline operations and save labour costs, thus better ensuring Edgewire's long-term financial wellbeing and economic stability. Here are supporting data. Staffing Current Staff Current Cost Proposed - New Staffing Level Cost with New System Savings Call Centre operators 200 4 million 50 1.25 million 2.75 million System Update Officers -0- -0- 20 0.5 million -0.5million Line Managers 10 300,000 10 300,000 -0- Drop-in centre 3 60,000 -0- -0- 60,000 Totals 213 4,360,000 80 2,050,000 2,310,000 1.2 Stakeholders Stakeholders have not been apprised or consulted. Until now only Edgewire's management (primary stakeholder) has had input on decision making about the automated phone answering system. Nobody knows with certainty how Edgewire's customer base (another primary) will react. Management lacks 100% unity. Dissention exists. Anxieties are growing

Treating The Aged With Respect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Treating The Aged With Respect - Essay Example The old adage is to enjoy life to the fullest, from the early years to the onset of the sunset years. This is equally applicable to anyone, whether rich or poor, as enjoyment of life can be quite simple. It does not take plenty of money to do so, although money certainly helps in so many ways if one can have it (and plenty of it if possible). There are advantages to growing old, such as experience and wisdom that supposedly goes with it; love and respect are the other things one can crave for. American society is characterized by a hectic lifestyle and working schedule; everybody is either at school trying to earn a degree or working hard to earn enough for comfortable living and also at the same time attain that iconic American dream, to reach the middle class. Another dream is to have squirreled away enough savings for an enjoyable retirement to afford some things. This paper deals on the question whether Americans treat their aged with enough respect and love. Discussion Contrary to anecdotal evidence, Americans greatly honor their old relatives although it can be admitted that most of these younger people are often quite busy pursuing their careers that precludes them expressing their love and respect for their senior loved ones in the more frequent ways that most people normally expect. But nevertheless, they express this through phone calls. They also send loving letters to them, and for those seniors who are Internet savvy, then they can also connect on the Internet through social networking sites such as Facebook. A point is that people mistakenly believe the seniors are largely forgotten in a fast-moving society such as America where everybody is in a hurry to get off to somewhere. From the viewpoint of the old and aged citizens of this country, they have the vantage point of having a lifetime of memories or a long list of experiences to comfort them in their old age. They may suffer from some infirmity but that does not preclude them from enjoying life as long as they are not bedridden yet and can still pursue some activities of normal living (Cowley x). Seniors can also surprisingly be creative and inventive when it comes to meeting some of their physical needs without asking for help. These can be illustrated by taking their time when walking (very slowly so as not to fall) or find a new way of doing things only t hey can think of. What is quite remarkable is often their positive outlook on life despite advancing in years and facing the inevitable (Janis 5). Most seniors tend to become deeply spiritual as they are in a stage in life prior to going into eternity. Today's senior citizens enjoy an active lifestyle unlike that of earlier generations of aged people who were confined to nursing homes and spend the rest of the day doing nothing or keep playing the same parlor games over and over throughout a day. The advent of modern medicine has made senior living worthwhile and older or retired people can go wherever they want to such as places as go on luxury cruise or enjoy a sunny beach environment in a tropical country. These people go whenever they want to go with no one curtailing their activities. A positive attitude is the next best thing to having good health; it keeps the years away. The saying is to live and love well enough to keep mind and muscles going for a long time (Stein 52). You nger people show their respect for older loved ones when they visit them in nursing or retirement homes to enjoy being together with their aging parents or relatives. Moreover, they also show respect

Mental Health Policy Thesis Statement Social Work Essay

Mental Health Policy Thesis Statement Social Work Essay An abusive, compelling and dominating behavior in a dating relationship among the teenage youngsters is termed as dating violence. Students susceptible to dating violence suffer greatly in terms of their academic performance, social and extra-curricular activities. They may show poor results and isolate themselves from colleagues and friends. They may show lack of interest in extra-curricular activities. All these activities are results of poor mental health. Such students have a profound effect on their psyche due to being exposed to some kind of in-home violence in their childhood. They exhibit anger management disorders and have a history of aggressive or fighting attitude. An even greater consequence of dating violence may be suicides (Maryland School Mental Health Alliance). Background There may be several categories in dating violence like sexual, emotional, psychological or electronic. Physical violence may involve pushing, beating or grabbing ones partner. Psychological violence comprises of controlling behaviors like preventing him or her to involve with other people while electronic violence is the name-calling or bullying through texting. A latest survey has revealed that psychological and physical abuse is a common aspect of dating among the American youngsters. Among 1400 seventh grade students being interviewed by the researchers showed that about 37% of 11-14 year olds had been susceptible to some type of psychological violence while almost one sixth had experienced physical violence during an on-going relationship. About three-fourth of students had a boyfriend or a girlfriend during their middle school. The survey provided a number of conditions related to dating violence. Among the students being surveyed, there was a large number who believed that it is fine to hit ones girlfriend. A moderate number of them had undergone sexual harassment through physical or verbal means by touching in a wrong way or by joking (Dating Violence Common by 7th Grade). However, teenage dating violence is not restricted to westernized and industrialized countries. A study carried out on international level revealed that dating violence extended among males and females was high in all the countries under study. Dating violence was studied through a number of variables like assaulting a partner, depression, injury and sexual coercion. The behavioral acts that were reported in the study were hitting partner, pulling his/her arm or hair, using weapons to harm, burning him/her on purpose, forcing him/her on doing sex when he/she does not intend to do so etc. The rate of physical assault was higher in Asia, while it was significantly lower in New Zealand and Australia while victims of sexual coercion were greater in Canada and the United States (Chang et al.) Significance of Mental Health Mental health is a state of efficient performance of brain contributing to productive activities, healthy relationships with people and adaptability to changes and dealing with challenges in a better way. Mental disorders are considered to be health conditions that are attributed by mood swings related to stress or decreased functioning of brain. Mental disorders may lead to diverse complication which includes pain, disability or death. Mental illness is a broader term encompassing all the identifiable mental disorders. Mental disorders are a major contributor towards disability. The disease burden because of mental illness is the greatest among all diseases. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has reported that approximately 13 million American adults suffer from serious deliberating mental illnesses. Mental disorders contribute to 25% loss of life time through disability and premature mortality and in Canada and United States; they are leading cause of disability. Suicide is the 11th most dominant cause of death in America where it takes away almost 30,000 Americans. There is a strong correlation between mental and physical health. A good mind leads to good health. Ability of people to engage in health promoting activities reduces as a result of mental illnesses like depression and anxiety (Mental Health and Mental Disorders). Thus, it is really important to deal with mental health problems arising as a result of dating violence because in severe cases it may lead one to self-harm or even suicidal attempts. Aggression personality disorders are a common phenomenon with the victims of dating violence which involves increased expression of anger, anti-social behavior and self-harm personality disorder etc. About 20% of suicidal persons have a history of violence. Other than that, the victims of dating violence are more likely towards the use of drugs, alcohol and smoking which further deteriorates mental health. Also, there is a trend of using laxatives, dieting pills, fasting and binge eating for weight management among such individuals which lead to eating disorders. Also there is an increased risk of getting infected with sexually transmitted diseases like HIV because the individuals may fear the use of condom because of the violent partner and unprotected sex may lead to such diseases (Teen dating violenc e). Thus, to alleviate such symptoms and personality disorders among such people and other health associated risks, a mental health policy is demanded. Mental Health Policies Followed around the world A number of school and community based programs are operating. Most common are the primary prevention programs that aim at preventing abuse before it starts. The program emphasizes upon providing clear knowledge and suitable behaviors regarding the dating abuse. Its curriculum is based upon increasing awareness of dating violence, fighting violence beliefs, encourage help seeking and skill development in order to improve the communication strategies and management of conflicts (Teen dating violence-awareness and prevention). Such initiatives may lead to improvement of mental health. Other than program initiatives, there has been a limited reporting in the legal arena for reforms of legislative and judicial nature in dating violence. Only a small number of teen victims knock the door of law to seek legal remedies like protection orders against dating partners who are abusive. The local anti-violence non-profit organization Between Friends in Chicago is striving to offer counseling, legal aid and health-care awareness within the city to fight domestic violence (U.S. high schools unequipped). Novel ways are devised by the White House and Vice presidents office in order to prevent dating violence at the initial stages by providing assistance to young men for ending up violence. The Office of Adolescent Healths Pregnancy Assistance fund grants aims at improving services for the pregnant teens that are experiencing or at the stake of sexual or any other type of violence (Teen dating violence-awareness and prevention). Safe dates is a curriculum designed for high school and middle school students which is organized in a set of 10 sessions, each of which is almost of 50 minutes. This curriculum gives definitions on caring and sound relationships and also provides information on the dating abuse regarding its causes and effects. It teaches the students how to assist a friend who has an abusive dating partner. It describes the methods in which gender stereotypes affect dating relationships and explains in what ways sexual assault can be prevented. The curriculum comprises of a play on dating violence, poster presentation, and source material for parents and a general outline for teachers (Teen dating violence as a public health issue). My mental health policy proposal In my understanding, a mental health policy should first of all address the psychology of the middle and high school students. There should be a compulsory subject on issues related to dating violence. The teachers should observe the students keenly. If the psychological problems are observed in some students, they should be provided counseling in the school. Parents should also play an important role in dealing with dating violence. They should develop a strong bonding with the children so that they could share what is going on in their life. Also, the parents can then help them coping with their particular situations through their own lifes experiences. The peers are most aware of dating violence. So the peer groups should be educated about the negative and ill effects of it so that they can assist their friend who is experiencing it. The legislative body on part of dating violence should become more active and efficient in resolving the dating violence cases and there should be a system of penalties and punishment to those who commit this crime. Conclusion Dating violence is a serious and wide spread problem worldwide. Other than violating the human rights, it affects the physical, sexual, reproductive, mental, emotional and social welfare of individuals and families. Physical injury, abortion, sexually transmitted infections, mental disorders like aggression, anxiety and depression are the immediate and long term health effects associated with sating violence. Other than that, use of illicit drugs and smoking are very frequent among the victims of dating violence. A number of initiatives are being under taken by the U.S. government in order to eradicate this issue from the general population. The most important is the mental health policy that aims at improving the mental health of the susceptible individuals that in turn improves their physical health. With a healthy psychology, they can deal with life in a suitable way and serve their country as effective citizens.

Free Raisin in the Sun Essays: Pride and Dignity :: A Raisin in the Sun

Pride and Dignity in A Raisin in the Sun "A Raisin in the Sun" by Lorraine Hansberry follows a black family's struggle to see their dreams through to fruition. These dreams, and the struggles necessary to attain them, are the focus of the play. As the play begins a husband, Walter, and wife, Ruth, are seen having a fight over Walter's dream to become a 'mover and shaker' in the business world by using an insurance check as a down payment on a business venture. Walter tells his wife that, "I'm trying to talk to you 'bout myself and all you can say is eat them eggs and go to work", which is the first sign of Walter's recurring feelings that if someone in the family would just listen to him and put forth their trust his dreams would come to fruition. Following this argument Walter goes off to his job as a chauffeur which is the job he so longs to be done away with because he would rather "be Mr. Arnold[his employer] than be his chauffeur. This episode illustrates a major conflict throughout the story. As Walter dreams bigger and bigger he seems to leave the 'smaller' things such as his family behind. This movement away from the family is against the furtherance of the values and morals of the family. While his father would have been happy simply working and caring for his family, Walter is more concerned with becoming a 'mover and shaker' without thinking about the resulting consequences for his family. Later in the morning Beneatha, the younger sister of Walter, initiates a conflict by speaking in an unacceptable manner about God – seemingly rejecting values that have been taught to her since childhood. This event shows yet another time in which a family member threatens to ruin the inherent stability of the family structure by trying to build in a manner which is completely incompatible with the rest of the structure. Beneatha, although believing to be bettering herself is leaving an important part of herself and her heritage behind. Beneatha's speech about God is her attempt to show her independence and uniqueness in the world, but when she asserts her self in an area that is extremely sensitive to the family heritage and structure, she threatens to wean herself from the only guaranteed support group in life, the family. Once again, as with Walter, Benetha realizes later in the story that it is the furtherance of long-standing family values and morals which give the foundation upon which to build a wonderful life.

Mexican american women and oppression

Mexican American women are facing a lot of problems including ethnicity racial discrimination and social inequalities like lack of medical and educational assistance. The paper produces a brief overview of women facing oppression in America and how did they response against itIntroductionThe make use of concrete examples will illustrate the major points of the article. Mothers, Mexican immigrant women who preserve their cultural honesty in all arenas, chiefly in the schools, are often anxious of anyone actually or seemingly connected to U.S. establishment. (Geiter, L. 2000).But, pedagogy of hope, based on Vygotskian main beliefs (as we shall see below), can establish a correlation amongst way of life, language, and cognition as the organization to understand the role of culture in arbitrate the program of information and thinker improvement. This arbitration through appropriate cultural symbols for the purpose of constructing educational knowledge (or via â€Å"assisted performanceà ¢â‚¬ ) must translate instruction into pedagogical practices that permit migrant children to engage in their possess progress, to invest their own artistic and linguistic capital, and to go forward without unfairness.Accordingly, in spite of the inherent challenges and difficulties faced by ethnographers, serious ethnography with a Vygotskian outlook continues to be one of the most promising fields in the hands of educational researchers unswerving to the full improvement of immigrant children, because it is a latest avenue to create pedagogy of hope in actual lessons. (Geiter, L. 2000).The clearly pernicious consequences of working in damaging and oppressive environments influence women in the most grave period of their lives — all through childbearing age — and this, in turn, affects children and the entire family and Exposure to pesticides, hunger, tiring substantial activities, and high stress, coupled with lack of medical attention, consequences in serious chroni c health troubles for Mexican families.ExplanationOppression faced by Mexican America and kinds of work they didMexican American Women Farm workers in do not have medicinal insurance nor can they have enough money to pay health center' fees and they resort to home therapy and prayer When they are laid off, they can use joblessness benefits, go on happiness, and receive medical assistance, but only if they are permissible inhabitants or American people. (Tomes, N. (2000)The women of the farm in US. Soil does have access to a small local hospital that helps with vaccinations, information, and recommendation they have not given the educational facilities. This health center, the US. Soil Community Health Center, has received not enough state support from the Health Department of the State of California. And according to a recent report from this clinic, US. Soil has a very giant youth population, with 38.5 percent of its total inhabitants less than nineteen years of age, and a very tin y older population of only 7.6 percent above sixty-five years of period.Life expectation in the US. Soil is minor though than that in urban areas. El Rocao's economic index advises extreme poverty and malnutrition: 5.13 percent of all live delivery s are low weight, and 16.22 percent are delivery to Mexican women below nineteen years of age. Medical consideration for pregnant women is scarce and late; in 37 percent of the pregnancies, women did not have access to a medical doctor until after the first trimester; and newborn mortality (measured as the number of infants dead per one thousand exist delivery) is 6.76 (Health and Welfare Department of California, 1994).When we go to relations and walking around in El Rocao, one gets the impression that the Mexican women workers are always exhausted and that physical survival demands a great deal of vigor each day and inconsistently, the only time people rest is when they are out of labor, when they are sick, or when they are planning to travel to Mexico. (Geiter, L. 2000).Carmen is the archetype of the lots of young and uneducated women I interviewed: although in poor health — with arthritis, ear disease, allergic reactions to pesticides, at times bodily weak, and unable to obtain medical care — she is committed to carry on the struggle for a better life and she is decisive in her actions and passionate concerning her faiths.She chats concerning her parents (both worked in California as farm workers) with great respect as role models in the fields, parents who skilled her early in life the importance of functioning hard, never giving up, and by no means taking whatever thing from others. She claims the respect of the Americans with her distinguished behavior. She highlight to her four children, ages 6 to 16, the need to be accountable and importunate and the oldest and the two youngest are boys, and all three are measured exceptional in school; their scores in mathematics are amongst the highest in th eir module.The 12-year-old girl is chosen as mentally retarded and goes to special education classes at times with a giggle and at times in tears; Carmen explained incidents of racial intolerance and unfriendliness by U.S. schoolchildren and She is bitter concerning the insensitivity of some bosses at work; indeed, recent humiliations and abuse suffered at work still bring to the surface profound feelings of anger and indignity. In general, she is deeply sad that as a young mother she missed important intimate moments with her young children, such as not being able to embrace them when they were asking for friendliness, as she was always too busy or too exhausted and In protest, for many years, she refused to chat in English.Actually only recently has she decided to use English and to prepare for her nationality examination in order to stay in the United States. This is a major change in her life, but she thinks she will ultimately have dual nationality in Mexico and the United Stat es what chase is an outline of Carmen's narrative. (Geiter, L. 2000).Carmen's narrativeIn fact her family started coming to the United States together as a family in 1961 (prior to that Carmen's father had worked as a farm worker for quite a few years) her father was not comfortable transferring his children to the local schools since he recognize they would not be bothered of her. Then on Carmen was sent back to Mexico to acquire some schooling in Michoacan. Nevertheless, while there was plenty work in Articia (near Los Angeles, California), Carmen works at house. (Hall, J. M., Stevens, P. E., & Meleis, A. I., 1994)Mexican American traveledMexicans primary moved to Washington Territory in the 1860s, most of the family raising sheep’s in the valleys and they all were seeking for a good future tahts why they came to US. In the twentieth century, above all after the start of World War II,  Mexican refugees  from the Southwest and immigrants from Mexico, together with women, made up a great part of the labor strength that brought in Yakima County's yield and In the last half of the twentieth century, Mexican American women unspecified prominent roles in society and in political principles.   (Hall, J. M., Stevens, P. E., & Meleis, A. I., 1994)The passage was full of hardships and they moved along with families because family experienced horrendous hardship arriving in â€Å"bitterly cold weather.Oppression and transformation over different periodsDue to the particular theory of the the activism, resistance, and politics generally exclude persona actions, like directing for the mexican language or for mexiccan speakers either in one's home or one's scociety, as explained by a lot of activists. Despite of, various thought provkers always tends to focus on a particular, citizen performances and activities like political nominatiuos   coutering, and demonstrations that occur in supreme arenas, unions, and political groups. (Hall, J. M., Stevens, P. E. , & Meleis, A. I., 1994)There were various era of oppression and cruelty on mexican american women as various case studies of the white feminist movement in the america and in the decade of   the 1960s there was a feelof the tensions, constraints, and struggles that was faces by women both in the New Left movement and in the human rights movement.The domination and rule of the Male in each of these sociopolitical reaction movements shared directly to the rise of a feminist movement among white women all through this time typical era.   It is a sense that, however, recent thought provokers are experiencing notions of activism and resistance in front and it is due to the fact of their particaular sole reliance on a very typical dominant arenas to define the site of politics.Information after many researches shows Mexican Americans women are leading a miserable life as on top of all immigrants have the lowest of the income per month and they have maximum shortage rates, highest con centration in the employment market most especially in blue collar/service grouping.According to some very fresh examination we can say that currently census fact and statistics can show numerous true fact and information that for Mexican American women as a whole and habitually not for separate their groups, but when separate groups are report Mexican Americans have the top working class characters and lowest living average and class of life standards.   (Hall, J. M., Stevens, P. E., & Meleis, A. I., 1994)The struggle and the association with labor, Mexican Americana and Asian Americans has been bulwarks of vigor for recent advances and Up till now while the Democrat legislatures of California and Texas pass drivers authorize laws for undocumented immigrants, the Republican governors veto them, and the Republican dominated Congress moves the trouble countrywide. (Hammersley, M. 1992)Mexican American women has left no stone unturned to successful over come the situation faced, but it is also very vital and significant that they hear other equally real stories of victory. We can say virtually any Mexican American community these days there are men and women who have left behind the migrant river or other forms of poverty and built very flourishing and enviable lives. We know that Teachers should invite a number of those everyday women heroes who had worked a lot in this regard into their classrooms to share their experiences, or assign students to carry out oral olden times interviews in their personal and active communities. (Hammersley, M. 1992)If we see this analysis is a refreshing and critical examination of a patriarchal rite of passage into Mexicans heterosexual womanhood, an expression of Catholic popular religiosity, and a fiscally expensive cultural tradition in the midst of resist for ethnic self-definition. Third, a thought-provoking inspection of the internationally acclaimed novel and movie Like ‘Water for Chocolate invites the reader to d eem a queer alternative to look at the metaphors that come into view when both culinary appetites and human enthusiasm are cooked in fire (Lewis, M. A., DeVellis, B. M., & Sleath, 2002)To conceptualize the learning findings of Mexican American women we have situated the discussion within the perspective of cruelty and struggle adjacent to it that is in olden times ingrained in the U.S.-Mexico border region and inside it. Cruelty generally involves a systematic and inappropriate control of nation by those with more supremacy and for oppression to take place; a power-laden, unequal relationship must stay alive. (Lewis, M. A., DeVellis, B. M., & Sleath, 2002)The individuals in this affiliation or health care encounter (Mexican women immigrants and U.S. health care providers) are uneven on the basis of personal power derived from assets, education, racial uniqueness, prestige, and other personal or national distinctiveness. By and large nature of unequal power in the relationship betwee n the U.S. TB health care provider and the women sets up a struggle that extends beyond the LTBI diagnosis and suggestions for preventive treatment. It is also a struggle over the discrepancies of how the past (BCG) and present (LTBI) illness-prevention actions should be understood and reconciled, a struggle to identify causes and assess blame, a arguable effort to give partisan import to Mexico's TB prevention program. (Lewis, M. A., DeVellis, B. M., & Sleath, 2002)ReferencesGeiter, L. (2000). Ending neglect: The elimination of tuberculosis in the United States. Institute of Medicine Committee on the Elimination of Tuberculosis in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Hall, J. M., Stevens, P. E., & Meleis, A. I. (1994). Marginalization: A guiding concept for valuing diversity in nursing knowledge improvement. Advances in Nursing Science, 16, 23Hammersley, M. (1992). What's wrong with ethnography? New York: Rutledge.Lewis, M. A., DeVellis, B. M., & Sleath, B. ( 2002). Social influence and interpersonal communication in health behavior. In K. Glens, B. K. Rimer, & F. M. Lewis (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 240-264). San Francisco: Jossey-BassNevins, J. (2002). Operation Gatekeeper. New York: RutledgeStaudt, K., & Coronado, I. (2002). Fronteras no mas: Toward social justice at the U.S-Mexico border. New York: Palgrave MacmillanTomes, N. (2000). The making of a germ panic, then and now. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 191-198.

Themes Of Invisible Man Essays - Literature, Fiction, Free Essays

Themes Of Invisible Man Essays - Literature, Fiction, Free Essays Themes Of Invisible Man David Horowitz Period 7 Quinn Invisible Man Themes 1) Balancing social and personal responsibility The central problem the narrator encounters throughout his life deals with the balance between social and personal responsibility. The public and private self of a black man come into continual conflict. Most often, the personal nature of the man is forced to give up his morals and or family values in order to present himself in better light to the white society. Trueblood said, But what I don't understand is how I done the worse thing a man can do in his own family and 'stead of things gittin' bad, they got better. The nigguhs up at the school don't like me, but the white folks treats me fine (68). Sometimes the split between the two halves is not even visible to the Invisible Man. Racist stereotypes and other people's schemes confound his attempts to know himself. Here within this quiet greenness I possessed the only identity I had ever known, and I was losing (99). On the other hand, Dr. Bledsoe's personality is revealed in the open at a school assembly as he gives a swift glance carrying a threat for all (115). He is subordinate to the white guests out of necessity but exerts his authority brutally over all of the blacks at the school. He will later say, I've made my place in it and I'll have every Negro in the country hanging on tree limbs by morning if it means staying where I am (143). At a low point, the Invisible Man even thinks, If you made an appointment with one of them [white persons] you couldn't bring them any slow c.p. (colored people's) time (163). He feels that he needs to somehow measure up to the white man's society by working on his own habits. Finally, the separation between his social progress and his attempt to stay in touch with himself became so distant, that I realized that I no longer knew my own name (239). 2) An attempt at Social progress The dream of social progress for black Americans offered by the college's ideology breeds treachery and division. Dr. Bledsoe betrays the entire community with his surrender to the white nation, and the entire college turns its back on Trueblood. It also gives an implied acceptance of second class status for blacks. This hypocrisy betrays the narrator and the entire Harlem community. Rather than unite various oppressed groups, it divides them. The college hated Trueblood out of fear that the white community would also dismiss him as a disgrace to society. I didn't understand in those pre-invisible days that their hate, and mine too, was charged with fear.... We were trying to lift them up and they, like Trueblood, did everything it seemed to pull us down (47). Because blacks were judged as a whole group and not as individuals, the blacks closer to the white man began to hat those that were farther away. They were viewed as impediments to their effort. This dream continues and grows into a desire to move forward, to move to New York. New York! That's not a place, it's a dream. When I was your age it was Chicago. Now all the little black boys run away to New York. Out of the fire and into the melting pot (152). 3) Black v. White The ideology of the 'model black citizen' is present ever since the Invisible Man's grandfather speaks at his deathbed. Even the college that he attends that its followers shun the heritage of black Southern folk culture. It demands that its followers try not to be too black. They should break completely with their pasts and assume new identities. In the first chapter, the Invisible man is submissive to white charity in this demeaning manner. After the battle royal, he is presented with a scholarship and told to take this prize and keep it well...some day it will be filled with important papers that will help shape the destiny of your people (32). This show's how blacks were thought of as only products of whites' deeds. When Mr. Norton asks to speak with Trueblood, the Invisible Man responds with this question, Why couldn't he leave them alone? (50). It presents the idea of

History-Busshist, Hindu, and Confucian Societies essays

History-Busshist, Hindu, and Confucian Societies essays The roles of women within the Hindu, Confucian, and Buddhist societies are comparable in a lot of different ways. Women are not the ones with the power. Men control almost everything, including the women in some cases. Women, I believe, had it very hard in these societies. In reading Lessons for Women, The Discipline Basket, and Laws of Manu, I have a much better understanding of the roles of women then and their rights as well. The Lessons for Women is a document explaining the Confucian societys look on women and their roles. In the Confucian Classics, women were not mentioned very frequently, suggesting that the reason for this is because they did not mean much in the society. Beginning at birth, the rules and restrictions are practiced. On the third day after the birth of the girl, she is put below the bed. This act indicates that she is weak and lowly (Lessons of Women, p.153). It is also suggesting that she should humble herself before others. On the same day, she is given a potsherd (piece of broken pottery). The baby is given this to play with. The potsherd signifies labor and that she should be industrious above all things. Lastly, the birth is announced to her ancestors by an offering. This is done so that it is known that her primary duty is to continue worship in the home. These three acts symbolize the rest of the babys life. Let a women modestly yield to others; let her respect others; let her put others first; herself last (Lessons of Women, p.153). The sentence alone describes how women must be humble and listen and obey everyone else. Women may not talk back to people who do evil to them. Women cannot speak about the good things that they did. Women were given no freedom to say what they wanted or to act upon others reactions toward her. Within the Lessons of Women is a list of things that women must do in order to be industrious. They ...

World Religions Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

World Religions Report - Research Paper Example It believes in the spreading the message of Christ to the entire world and making all the people as the children of god on the basis of baptism. Jesus Christ is considered as the founder of it with the date of its origin being around first millennium AD (Chavis, 2009). In terms of creation of the man, this religion holds to its belief of man as being created by god with a soul and Adam as being the first man. Catholicism has a firm belief in only one supreme authority that is of god, that alone is the creator of heaven and earth. He is the infinite power that embodies all the traits of wisdom, goodness, justice and love; all of which are reflected in his creation of universe and human kind. The main source of the authority for the Catholics comes from the Bible, Tradition, the Creeds, the Bishops and the Pope among others but the ultimate authority is in the hands of the Christ (Bennett, 2010). The religion of Catholicism also comes with the belief that the human race was created in perfect innocence and justice but later it got tainted by the temptation of Satan the angel of evil. Adam and Eve, in the influence of Satan deferred to selfishness and lack of trust in their creator and hence this first sin of disobedience resulted in the death of the spiritual side of the human race. But god being all merciful and kind provided the human race an opportunity to be graced by the eternal life from god in return from his/her practice of baptism (Bennett, 2010). The religion also embodies the belief that Jesus is the true god and all the things were created through him. He was crucified by the human enemies in order to meet the divine justice for the disobedience and sins of man and he became a human (Bennet, 2010). The religion of Catholicism is also of the view that the act of sin corrupts a man and is an act of shunning god, which in turn robs the grace of man’s soul and deprives

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Essay - 8

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business - Essay Example In this case, Green Parma validly withdrew the offer before it had not yet been accepted by the clients; as such the vendor cannot make claims for any damages. Yes. This promise can be enforced. This is because there is an offer, consideration and acceptance of the remunerative gift for the hard work (McKendrick, 2012). Although, one may argue that there is no valid agreement with Tania such promises of gift are deemed as having been accepted when there is no counter-offer by the beneficiary or where an open refusal of the same is lacking. In respect of the ruling in Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223, this promise can be enforced on the grounds that Tania in her supervisory capacity â€Å"willingly† made a compensatory â€Å"offer† to me; as such I developed reasonable expectations that are enforceable. Yes. This contract is legally enforceable. Courts often hold that there is a valid contract where the parties involved are in agreement to perform each of their side of the bargain. In light of this, using Joe’s car obligates me to make contributions towards the purchase of the fuel. However, my refusal to board his car would mean a refusal of the offer and the subsequent legal relations required under the enforcement of a valid contract. The warranty contract between Alban and Brenda’s Garage Ltd ended after 3 months of the purchase. Brenda’s Garage Ltd gave him the option to extend the guarantee for two years at the price of  £350, which would have extended the parameters of his claims. Therefore, the expiry of the warranty then raises the issue of whether Brenda is under the obligation to service the material damage to its engine and gearbox. It can be argued that the warranty was valid because it met the conditions of reasonableness; and the car was of merchantable quality at the time of the purchase. Any defects in the engine and the gearbox could have been noticed by the

Dubai is an example of modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Dubai is an example of modernity - Essay Example With the discovery of oil in 1966, coupled with the vision on leadership of His Highness Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, Dubai quickly expanded in the latter half of the 20th and early part of the 21st centuries to become one of the world’s foremost tourist destinations with world class hotels, entertainment, shopping, and sporting events. Dubai stands out today as a model in the Middle East for a modern, sophisticated Muslim society, steeped in tradition, but always striding forward with an eye to the future and leading the Middle East and the world in attracting businesses with a world-class cultural and economic base. It has thus become in international city with economic and cultural impact far beyond its borders. Prior to 1833, there was little that existed on the Saudi Arabian peninsula but a finger of desert separating the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. All that existed in this small peninsular area was a creek, which was settled by some 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe, led by the Maktoum Family (Government of Dubai). As a natural harbor, the creek allowed the Maktoum Family to utilize its resources for fishing, pearling, and trade. In 1835, Dubai and the rest of the small states in the region signed a â€Å"Perpetual Maritime Truce† with Great Britain, allowing it to come under the protection of the UK. (Dubai City Guide). Unlike its neighbors, Dubai stood out with its welcoming attitude and fostering of trade and commerce, led by the rulers from the founding Maktoum Family. With the vision and leadership of Shaikh Saeed Maktoum, Daubai was encouraged to expand and look forward, toward the future, in an area which had traditionally looked toward the past. In 1892 he signed an exclusive business deal with the British and in 1894 permitted a full tax exemption for foreign traders (SkiDubai). Traders from all over the world descended on Dubai to take advantage of the

Electronic Gadgets Like Apple iPod - A Boon or Bane Essay Example for Free

Electronic Gadgets Like Apple iPod A Boon or Bane Essay It has become a necessity. But like everything in universe, electronic gadgets too have two sides to them. I am a house wife. I remember very clearly that evening when my husband came home, beaming from ear to ear. He had got a hefty refund on filing his income tax return. And my first reaction was buy me a washing machine. And I was on cloud nine when my first ever washing machine was delivered. Because I must confess that I hate washing even a small hanky with hands. Over the years I surrounded myself with various electronic gadgets. Latest models replaced old ones. I had the same excuse every time that this one works better. Microwave, toaster, griller, refrigerator, vacuum cleaners, dishwasher, geyser, air conditioner, and room warmer the list is endless. No household today is complete without these. They are no longer considered luxuries. They make our life easy. It was ok when mistress of the house stayed back and looked after the house. But today 99% of women are working. They have to balance both home and office. These gadgets are any home makers friends. Electronic gadgets have brought entertainment right inside our living rooms. Today we could see the majestic full solar eclipse taking place in Kabul while sitting in India. Television and Internet has brought the world together. We all are citizens of a large global village. Computers and laptops are now part of commercial life at all levels. Corporate offices, business houses, railways, banks, post offices are dependent on computers. Work, which used to take hours to complete are just done with a click of mouse. And you can carry your office with you where ever you go that is if your spouse has no objection. Cell phones, iPod, digital cameras, the list is endless. Technology has made our life comfortable rather too comfortable. And this is a cause of concern. No I have nothing against electronic gadgets. I am against our dependency on these gadgets. We fail to perform in their absence. They are meant to serve us and not to rule us. Today we can watch solar eclipse taking place in Kabul, but fail to hear cries of distress in our neighborhood. Our children are turning computer savvy, but they have not experienced the simple pleasure of climbing up a tree. We have become so used to of air conditioners that breathing in fresh air makes us sick. This dependency is making us physically sick. See the obesity rate in the world all over, especially the developed countries. List of diseases are also endless like endless gadgets. Lets not make them our masters.

Abortion - Slaughtering the Young :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Abortion - Slaughtering the Young Abortion, the easiest way to fix one's mistakes. I mean, if one is going to screw around and accidentally get knocked up, why should they have to be responsible for the outcome of messing around. Why not just murder the unborn child. That is what goes on daily, slaughtering of young, innocent children, that if born, would easily find a home. What did they [the unborn child] do wrong? Oh nothing, it's just that the mother and/or father are just so lazy and irresponsible that they would rather see their child be butchered than have to change it's diaper or feed it. Society today does not respect life and therefore accepts the murdering of unborn children. A major factor that is missing is society in today's world are moral values. If people actually had morals, then abortion might not occur. No matter what anyone argues, abortion is murder, plain and simple. How could one deny that when a doctor grabs his forceps and crushes a child's skull and sucks out what was once a brain, how could they say that is not murder, how could someone get away with doing this. Then again people ask that same question about OJ. There are many abortion-slaughter techniques that are used today. Examples are the Dilatation and Curettage (D&C) where a loop shaped steel knife is inserted and the child is cut into pieces, also there is the Dilatation and Evacuation (D&E) where the doctor uses forceps with sharp metal jaws and tears the child apart, piece by piece. Usually the head is hardened to bone and must be compressed or crushed in order to get it out. Another highly controversial technique that is getting a lot of publicity nowadays is the partial birth method. This procedure in performed in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy or between 20 to 32 weeks, sometimes later. Now according to Abortion: Some medical facts, a book printed by the National Right to Life, the partial birth technique is performed like this: "Guided by ultrasound, the abortionist reaches into the uterus, grabs the unborn baby's leg with forceps, and pulls the baby into the birth canal, except for the head, which is

Heroic Virtue in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Heroic Virtue in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello puts on exhibit an obvious hero and other not-so-obvious heroes. Let us examine them all in this essay.    The supreme type of hero in this play did not occur overnight to the playwright. Rather he slowly built upon one hero after another in his plays until his work culminated in the Moor. A. C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, describes the development of the Shakespearean super-hero in Othello:    And with this change goes another, an enlargement in the stature of the hero. There is in most of the later heroes something colossal, something which reminds us of Michelangelo’s figures. They are not merely exceptional men, they are huge men; as it were, survivors of the heroic age living in a later and smaller world. [. . .] Othello is the first of these men, a being essentially large and grand, towering above his fellows, holding a volume of force which in repose ensures pre-eminence without an effort, and in commotion reminds us rather of the fury of the elements than of the tumult of common human passion. (168)    The character’s attitude toward life is certainly a criterion for heroism. Is he heroic in what he does? H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses the general’s heroic attitude in the final scene of the play:    In the final scene of Othello, the hero, with that utter lack of self-consciousness of self-criticism which is the height of human vanity, strikes a heroic attitude, makes an eloquent plea for himself, at the height of his eloquence stabs himself – and the innocent spectator feels a lump in his throat or dissolves in te... ... of the play is a pleasant surprise.    Despondent Othello, grief-stricken by remorse for the tragic mistake he has made, acts heroically, following the example of Emilia. He stabs himself and dies on the bed next to the one he has wronged.    WORKS CITED    Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.               

Journal Article Analysis Essay

Current views of the world, desires, dreams, goals, and the demands placed upon society are constantly transformed by present epistemological beliefs. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) investigated the relationship between an individuals’ belief about knowledge, learning or epistemological beliefs and how this relates to average conversational issues (Schommer-Aikens , Hutter, 2002). Using a study group of 174 adults ranging in age from 17 to 71, Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) posed questions assessing beliefs of knowledge and the speed control of learning. Feldman addressed how assumptions become scientific knowledge by stating â€Å"Sometimes we know things by reasoning or inference. When we know some facts and see that those facts support some further fact, we can come to know that further fact. Scientific knowledge, for example, seems to arise from inferences from observational data† (Feldman, 2003, p. 3). Understanding how assumptions move into scientific knowledge it becomes apparent how these assumptions are qualified in research. The authors used regression analysis to quantify the assumptions of the participants as they relate to knowledge, learning, multiple perspectives, and ultimately the development of epistemological beliefs. This analysis will further identify philosophical assumptions underlying the research; explain the practical significance of these assumptions and their effect on its applicability to other authors and post-positive thinkers. Philosophical Assumptions Underlying the Research Feldman (2003) stated that epistemology, the theory of knowledge is a philosophy that looks into the questions about knowledge and rational. Epistemologist`s tend to focus or concentrate on questions of principal aspects involving knowledge and how those beliefs regulate coherent belief. Those within the field are less concerned about the validity of knowledge or  coherent belief, be it correct or incorrect but focus more on causes (Feldman, 2003, p. 1). To that extent Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) conducted a survey of 174 participants, including 120 women and 54 men. The ages of the participants ranged from 17 to 71 years of age and included various personal and educational backgrounds. Through the Schommer epistemological questioner participants, including chemical engineers, clerks, homemakers, factory workers, pharmacists, and teachers of both genders. These participants were asked a number of questions that incorporated religious, educational, societal and personal belief s. Questions were ranked in a likert- type scale ranging from strongly disagrees to strongly agree (Schommer-Aiker, Hutter, 2002). Philosophical Assumptions Schommer-Aikens and Hutter state â€Å"The results coming from epistemological research suggest that individual`s beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning are linked to their comprehension, metacomprehension, interpretation of information and persistence in working on difficult academic tasks† (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002, p. 6). The authors contend that individuals who believe knowledge is isolated into segmented bits and not taken as a sum total perform more poorly in the compression of mathematical, physiological, and medical textbooks (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002). This statement confirms that knowledge or epistemological commitments are a collection of data and understanding and not segmented or isolated bits of information. The assumption is those who tend to segregate knowledge and who do not attain a higher degree of education have difficulty in their own epistemological commitments. This is further evident in the writings of Quine and Kuhn as these authors beleive â€Å"science is a continuation of common-sense† (Delanty & Strydom, 2003, p. 22). According to these authors common, everyday decisions made by the common man and woman play a significant role in the creation of science. Whereas the purpose of the epistemological study was to extend epistemological beliefs to an individual’s everyday life, it was also designed to reflect on academic studies. This particular article using the Schommer epistemological belief survey makes several assumptions. Those assumptions state those with a higher level of education are more likely to take on multiple perspectives,  withhold decisions until information was available, acknowledge the complexity of everyday issues and were willing to modify thought processes or thinking (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002). The inference is those who take knowledge as a collection of data, not as segmented bits along with the attaining of a higher level of education were equipped for complex or critical thinking. This enabled each to understand the complexity of life, make crucial decisions, understand varying viewpoints and able to adapt as understanding grew. These assumptions have a practical significance and affect research. The Practical Significance of Assumptions and Their Effect on Research Inferences and practical assumptions are drawn during the research of this article, and one could argue some of the assumptions made were drawn before the research study ever began. Through personal epistemological beliefs society has long held the conviction those who attain a higher level of education are able to deal with the complexities of life. The practical significance of assumptions and their effect on the research conducted are visible in the work of Johnson and Duberley as they state â€Å"both within and outside of our organizations our behavior is internally motivated, and internally justified, by what we believe about â€Å"the World† (Johnson & Duberley, 2000, p. 2). Often in preparing for such a survey the focus group of participants used along with the questions themselves distort the data and thus the results to achieve a desired result. While in this case the participants have diverse backgrounds and have achieved differing degrees of education, making such assertions could distort data. Assumptions and Research Methodology Kuhn preferred historical science and by building upon prior knowledge Kuhn (2012) believes this research and evidence was already available enabling that data to be tested using deferring mechanisms to either prove or disprove a current or prior theory. While not opposed to the empirical testing, it was his belief that details must be obtained for research. It is through this historical science and data that assumptions within society and within science about our understanding of epistemological belief have come into existence. Popper states the empirical method makes good use of a  criticized approach to the method (Delanty & Strydom, 2003). The empirical method tests each system ensuring the best system moves forward after all methods have been tried, tested, and proved. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2000) used questions, including â€Å"You never know what a book means unless you know the intent of the author† and â€Å"It’s a waste of time to work on problems whic h have no possibility of coming out with clear-cut and unambiguous answers† (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2000). These answers along with others were used as a measurement in epistemological belief comparing their answers and their level of education to gauge how those answers compared with historical norms (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2000). This data was then taken and a regression model developed to extract the stated research and ultimately assumptions made. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2000) in turn came to the same assumptions and epistemological commitments already held within social and physical science to date. The research quantified and validated the assumptions held by historical science that one’s epistemological beliefs are shaped and re-shaped by the ability to link through learning, multiple perspectives, and ultimately the development of epistemological beliefs. The ability for humans to use successfully address complex issues, attain paradigm shifts in their understanding of the world and develop are inevitably linked with thought processes and knowledge gained through high er education. Conclusion A person’s thoughts, feelings, emotion, and beliefs often shape ones decision-making process. Other components, including perception, memory, introspection, and reasoning also assist in the formation of opinions, shape our knowledge, and transform an individual’s viewpoint (Feldman, 2003, p. 3). Perception is how one sees the world around them, the sights, sounds, smells, and other senses creates an understanding of the external environment creating a mental image and often places an attachment to it. Through their research Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) investigated the relationship between and individuals’ belief about knowledge, learning or epistemological beliefs and how this relates to average conversational issues (Schommer-Aikens , Hutter,2002). Using the regression model the authors quantified the beliefs and assumptions the conclusion of which is a culmination of historical science supported by this recent research. While  post-positive thinking like Kuhn, Quine, and Popper may differ in view about the empirical method, testing, and paradigm shifts as theories change over time the core belief of epistemological commitment remain comparable. A sentence sums up this article and the accompanying research as it pertains to epistemological belief. Those with a higher level of education are more likely to take on multiple perspectives, withhold decisions until information was available, acknowledge the complexity of everyday issues and were willing to modify thought processes or thinking (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002). References Delanty, G. & Strydom, P. (Eds). (2003). Philosophies of Social Science: The Classic and Contemporary readings. Philadelphia, Pa: Mcgraw-Hill. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content Feldman, R. (2003). Epistemology. Prentice Hall. The University of Phoenix. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Kuhn, T. (2012). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, Il. University of Chicago Press .https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Schommer-Aikins, M., & Hutter, R. (2002). Epistemological Beliefs and Thinking About Everyday Controversial Issues. Journal Of Psychology, 136(1), 5.https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Johnson, P. & Duberley, J. (2000). Understanding Management Research: An Introduction to Epistemology. Thousand Oaks CA. Sage Publishing. Prentice Hall. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content.